| Native American Cultures | | | | the wooded eastern region and the Midwest, |
| | | | combined aspects of hunting, gathering, and |
| The America that greeted the first Europeans | | | | the cultivation of maize and other products |
| was, thus, far from an empty wilderness. It | | | | for their food supplies. In many cases, the |
| is now thought that as many people lived in | | | | women were responsible for farming and the |
| the Western Hemisphere as in Western Europe | | | | distribution of food, while the men hunted |
| at that time -- about 40 million. Estimates | | | | and participated in war. |
| of the number of Native Americans living in | | | | |
| what is now the United States at the onset of | | | | By all accounts, Native-American society in |
| European colonization range from two to 18 | | | | North America was closely tied to the land. |
| million, with most historians tending toward | | | | Identification with nature and the elements |
| the lower figure. What is certain is the | | | | was integral to religious beliefs. Their life |
| devastating effect that European disease had | | | | was essentially clan-oriented and communal, |
| on the indigenous population practically from | | | | with children allowed more freedom and |
| the time of initial contact. Smallpox, in | | | | tolerance than was the European custom of the |
| particular, ravaged whole communities and is | | | | day. |
| thought to have been a much more direct cause | | | | |
| of the precipitous decline in the Indian | | | | Although some North American tribes developed |
| population in the 1600s than the numerous | | | | a type of hieroglyphics to preserve certain |
| wars and skirmishes with European settlers. | | | | texts, Native-American culture was primarily |
| | | | oral, with a high value placed on the |
| Indian customs and culture at the time were | | | | recounting of tales and dreams. Clearly, |
| extraordinarily diverse, as could be | | | | there was a good deal of trade among various |
| expected, given the expanse of the land and | | | | groups and strong evidence exists that |
| the many different environments to which they | | | | neighboring tribes maintained extensive and |
| had adapted. Some generalizations, however, | | | | formal relations -- both friendly and |
| are possible. Most tribes, particularly in | | | | hostile. |